Cold heading (extrusion) technology is a major processing technique in the fastener forming process. Cold heading (extrusion) belongs to the category of metal pressure processing. In production, at room temperature, external force is applied to the metal to form it in a predetermined mold. This method is usually called cold heading. In fact, the forming of any fastener is not only achievable through cold heading as a deformation method. During the cold heading process, in addition to upsetting deformation, there are also various deformation methods such as forward and reverse extrusion, composite extrusion, punching and rolling. Therefore, the term for cold heading in production is only a habitual term, more precisely, it should be called cold heading (extrusion). There are many advantages to cold heading (extrusion), and it is suitable for large-scale production of fasteners. Its main advantages can be summarized as follows:
a. The utilization rate of steel is high. Cold heading (extrusion) is a minimal and non cutting processing method, such as machining hexagonal bolts and cylindrical internal hexagonal screws for rods. By using cutting processing method, the steel utilization rate is only 25% to 35%, while using cold heading (extrusion) method, its utilization rate can be as high as 85% to 95%, with only some process consumption of material head, material tail and cutting hexagonal head edge.
b. High productivity. Compared to conventional cutting processes, the efficiency of cold heading (extrusion) forming is several tens of times higher.
c. Good mechanical performance. Parts processed by cold heading (extrusion) method have much better strength than those processed by cutting because the metal fibers are not cut.
d. Suitable for automated production. Fasteners (including some irregular parts) suitable for cold heading (extrusion) production are basically symmetrical parts, suitable for high-speed automatic cold heading machine production, and are also the main method for mass production.
In short, the cold heading (extrusion) method is a highly cost-effective processing method for fasteners and irregular parts. It is a commonly used processing method in the fastener industry and an advanced processing method widely used and developed both domestically and internationally. Therefore, the purpose and purpose of this chapter is to fully utilize and improve the plasticity of metals, master the mechanism of metal plastic deformation, and develop a scientific and reasonable cold heading (extrusion) processing technology for fasteners.
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